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Ancient Sanskrit literature indicates Neem applications as feed and in a large number of prescriptions and formulations to provide health cover to livestock in various forms. Various Neem preparations were standardised in the form of oils, liniments, powders and liquids. Ayurvedic scholars recommend the use of Neem oil as antipyretic, sedative, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antihistaminic, anthelmintic and as an acaricide.

In 1929,a publication listed the Veterinary applications of Neem in detail. It noted that "leaves, bark and oil expressed from the seeds are generally used. Internally the preparations of the Neem tree are a good bitter tonic, antiperiodic and astringent and used in combination with other drugs having similar properties. They are best administered in the form of a decoction. They are most useful in fever and debility. Externally, the leaves are used in varied forms, such as raw crushed mass, poultice and wash. The bruised leaves, mixed with charcoal or lime, form a good application to wounds, ulcers and pustular eruptions. The decoction of the leaves forms a valuable antiseptic and healing lotion to foul sores and ulcers. The leaves boiled with tamarind leaves are applied as a poultice to inflammatory swellings. The Oil is applied to wounds as an antiseptic dressing. It is highly efficacious in parasitic diseases as it contains sulphur in organic combination. It is also useful in removing maggots from wounds".

The approx. dosages were also mentioned:

Doses - Oil
Horse	2 - 4 dr.
Cattle	4 - 6 dr.
Sheep	1 - 2 dr.

 

For Antiseptic application to wounds and ulcers

Neem or Margosa Oil	8 oz
Turpentine (Gandhi-tel)	4 oz

 

Neem or Margosa Oil	1 pint
Sulphur (Gundak)	1 oz

Mix well. To be well rubbed into the affected part.

Neem Oil can be used to treat repeat breeder cows:

According to a study in Mumbai, India Neem oil has been used in the Indian countryside to clean the uterine tract in metritis and endometritis for a long time. In some cases due to bad husbandry practices and poor sanitation in stables, suclinical mastitis is prevalent. While conducting AI (artificail insemination) it was noticed that inspite of repeated AI cows or buffaloes sometimes do not conceive due to subclinical metritis. that has remained undetected. Regular intra-uterine use of neem oil @30ml for 3 days has proved very useful.

Treating toxic liver in cattle

In developing countries, getting clean, toxic free water is a problem. This can lead to calf mortality and morbidity in large animals as well as poultry, resulting in huge economic losses. Researchers in India used neem leaf powder in case of cows calves @ 20g/ day for anorexia, fatigue, anaemia & poor weight gain in animals suffering from hepatotoxicity. It was observed that feeding neem leaf powder improved appetite, liver function and general health of the calves.

Neem as an immunomodulator for poultry

A study conducted by vets in India looked at infectious bursal disease (IBD), a viral infection of poultry, that caused damage to the bursa, where the B-cells responsible for developing humoral immunity are produced. Simultaneously the Thymus is also damaged which is where the T cells, responsible for developing cell-mediated immunity, are produced. Neem leaf powder fed @ 2g/ Kg of feed enhanced bothtypes of immune response in immune suppressed birds. Neemm has proven to be significant in view preventing losses due to mortality and morbidity caused by viral infection. Similar results were also observed by feeding Neem leaf powder to Aqua species to highrer survival rate and extra profit.

Using Neem to Control Ticks and Tick-borne diseases in Africa.

The control of ticks in Africa has relied mainly on commercial acaricides since their introduction in 1890 (Dipeolu and Ndungu, 1991). The intensive use of these imported chemicals has led to various problems, such as tick resestance, environmental pollution, including residues in meat and milk and escalating costs. Several acaricides have been withdrawn from the market due to toxicity and tick resistance and currently there is no acaricide in use to which ticks are not, at least partially, resistant. The annual cost of importing acaricides and curative drugs for TBDs have been estimated at US$ 10 millions for Kenya (Young et. al., 1988), Zimbabwe US$ 9 million (Perry et. al., 1990) and Zambia US$ 10 million (Pegram et. al., 1988).(references supplied on request)

Development of Neem-based control strategies for African ticks:

Since 1991, extracts of neem bark, seeds and leaves have been tested on various stages of ticks (larvae, numphs and adults). These extracts induced low to moderate mortalities, especially in the larvac and nymphs. In the adults ticks, mortalities were low but most of the eggs produced with the treated females were sterile. Eggs treated directly with these extracts also became sterile.Recent pilot research done in collaboration between the livbestock ticks sub-programme and the neem awareness project has revealed that all the three major species of African ticks; R. appendiculatus, A. vaariegathum and B. decoloratus are affected by neem oil. It inhibited larval and nymphal attachment and feeding (90 - 100%), reduced fecundity (30 - 45%), and hatchability of eggs(47 - 55%). It also reduced molting in larval (22 - 93%) and nymphal (98%) stages and sterilised most (80 - 90%) of the eggs exposed directly to the neem oil (Kaaya and Saxena; unpublished).

Ongoing experiments include testing of low concentrations of neem oil on all developmental stages of R. appnediculatus and A. variegatum and studying the effects of feeding neem cake to host animals on tick attachment and feeding. Future studies will involve spraying of neem oil and seed kernel extract on ticks feeding on cattle and on cattle prior to tick infestation. Possibilities of applying neem oil as a "pour on" will also be investigated.

Neem Extract as an antibacterial agent against fish pathogenic bacteria

Aquaneem, an emusified product prepared from the Neem A. indica, kernel was tested against four pathogenic bacteria of fish (i.e. Aeromonas hydrophila, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Escherichia coli and Myxobacteria spp.) to test its efficacy as an antibacterial agent. Growth inhibitory property of the product at 10, 15 and 20 ppm has been noticed and recorded. The percentage reduction of bacterial cell population was noted to be maximum on 9th day at 20 ppm concentration (i.e. 70.14%, 74.15% and 61.75% for A. hydrophila, P. Fluorescens and E. coli respectively) with the only exception of myxobacteria which showed maximum reduction percentage (63.90%) on 15th day. Among all the bacteria tested A. hydrophila, P. fluorescens and Myzobacteria spp. exhibited maximum sensitivity to Aquaneem in terms of percentage reduction of bacterial cell population in comparison to E. coli.( Das BK, Mukerjee SCm Sahy BB, Murhani G. - Aquatic Animal Health Division, Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Bhubaneswar, India. (Indian J. Exp. Biol. 1999 Nov;37(11):1097 - 100)

Some uses of Neem for Animal Care Application of Neem Oil with pig lard in cattle sheds as a disinfectant and as an insect repellant ....... Application of turmeric paste with Neem Oil for maggot wound treatment ....... Feeding of ghee with pepper together with betel leaves in fever conditions ..... Application of comphor in oil over the animal in low body temperature ..... These inexpensive remedies for animal health , practised down the ages in rural India, were recently closely observed by Scientists of the Indian Counsil of Agricultural Research. After carefully study it was concluded that by and large most of these practices were effective. (Extract from Neem Update, Vol., IV, No. 3 of Neem Foundation).

Controlling Foot and Mouth Disease in India It might interest readers to know how an outbreak of foot and mouth disease is handled in the Indian countryside .......... First of all the animal is isolated and provided bedding. Then it is gradually made to walk on hot sand to help in healing of foot ulcers. Use of coal-tar, kerosene, turmeric and extract of leaves of neem or custard apple is made on the foot ulcer to promote healing and prevent maggot infestation. A special diet of green gram along with chopped onion is fed to the ailing animal ...... While this does not result in an overnight cure, it helps the healing process and the animal eventually recovers. How much more humane and preferable these practices are compared to the killing and destruction of thousands of animals struck by foot and mouth disease in UK and Europe.

Neem and Animal Nutrition Fresh neem leaves are regularly fed to camel and goats in India without any untoward effect. In an experiment to evaluate growth and nutrient efficacy of broiler chicks from day 3 - day 42, chicks were fed on diets containing alkali treated neem kernel cake as protein supplement, in place of peanut meal. The trial did not show any qualitative and quantitative difference in the meat between treated and untreated birds and weight gain was similar in both groups. The use of alkali treated neem cake to spare the peanut meal in broiler diets was recommended.

 

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